Cultural or socio-cultural anthropologists are interested in learning about the cultural aspects of human societies all over the world. They usually focus their research on such things as the social and political organizations, marriage patterns and kinship systems, subsistence and economic patterns, and religious beliefs of different societies.
Most cultural anthropologists study contemporary societies rather than ancient ones. Through the 19th and most of the 20th centuries, the peoples who primarily interested cultural anthropologists were those who lived in small-scale, isolated societies with cultures that were very different from those of Europeans and European Americans. African, American Indian, and Pacific Island societies were often the subject of their research.
Today, they are equally likely to study subcultures of modern, large-scale societies such as Southeast Asian Hmong families now living in St. Doing cultural anthropology --ethnographic fieldwork in 21st century America. To return here, you must click the "back" button on your browser program. All of the completely isolated societies of the past have long since been drawn into the global economy and heavily influenced by the dominant cultures of the large nations.
Many other cultural traditions will be lost as well. Cultural and linguistic anthropologists have worked diligently to study and understand this diversity that is being lost. Linguistic Anthropology. An example of nonverbal communication in modern American culture.
What do you think the chief petty officer in khaki is communicating non-verbally to the sailor in this scene? Linguistic anthropologists study t he human communication process. They focus their research on understanding such phenomena as the physiology of speech, the structure and function of languages, social and cultural influences on speech and writing, nonverbal communication , how languages developed over time, and how they differ from each other.
This is very different from what goes on in an English or a foreign language class. Linguists are not language teachers or professional translators. Most anthropological linguistic research has been focused on unwritten, non-European languages. Linguists usually begin their study of such a language by learning first hand from native speakers what its rules are for making sounds and meaning from those sounds, including the rules for sentence construction.
Linguists also learn about different regional and social dialects as well as the social conventions of speaking the language in different situations. A hotly debated question in linguistic anthropology since the early 20th century centers on whether or not our languages predispose us to see the environment in specific ways.
In other words, are languages filters for reality? For instance, if a language does not have a word for the color orange, can its speakers distinguish orange from red and yellow?
The answer to this question is not as simple as it initially seems. Archaeologists are interested in recovering the prehistory and early history of societies and their cultures.
They systematically uncover the evidence by excavating, dating, and analyzing the material remains left by people in the past. Archaeologists are essentially detectives who search through many thousands of pieces of fragmentary pots and other artifacts as well as environmental data in order to reconstruct ancient life ways.
In a sense, this makes archaeology the cultural anthropology of the past. Archaeology is also related to biological anthropology in its use of the same methods in excavating and analyzing human skeletal remains found in archaeological sites.
Archaeologists are in a unique position to understand the development of human societies and cultures from those of our distant hunter gatherer ancestors through the ancient civilizations on up to the present. There have been humans for at least 2. Only the last 5, of these years have been even partly recorded by scribes and historians. Only archaeology can recover it. No archaeologist is an expert on the antiquity of all regions of the world and all time periods.
Classical archaeologists concentrate on the ancient civilizations of the Middle East and the Mediterranean world Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, and related peoples. Historical archaeologists work on recovering the unrecorded aspects of life in historically more modern societies such as colonial America.
Prehistoric archaeologists focus their attention on the more ancient pre-literate societies around the world including those of most early North American Indians.
Underwater archaeologists discover and excavate ancient shipwrecks and submerged cities. Zooarchaeologists analyze and interpret the animal remains found in archaeological sites. The training required for each of these and other archeological specialties varies significantly, but they all share an interest in elucidating the lost past.
Archaeologist at work in a radiocarbon dating lab Underwater archaeologist diving on a shipwreck NOTE: In British universities, archaeology is usually considered to be a separate academic discipline, distinct from anthropology. This is particularly true of classical and historical archaeology. The Application of Anthropological Knowledge and Methods. Most anthropologists carry out research and teach about what they have learned. They are employed by universities, colleges, and museums.
However, a third of all anthropologists use this knowledge and methodology of problem solving for practical purposes in corporations, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, medical institutions, and other non-academic settings.
They are applied anthropologists. Q13 Q13 Q13 Alexander Ervin suggests that there are five types of cultural anthropology along a continuum. Which of the following is not one of the types of cultural anthropology that he proposed?
Q14 Q14 Q14 Which of the following types of cultural anthropology would be considered the least applied in its focus? Q15 Q15 Q15 Why are ethnographic studies of powerful institutions in U. Q16 Q16 Q16 All of the following are products that result from an applied anthropology project except:.
Q17 Q17 Q17 How is applied anthropology today different from that of the s and s? Q18 Q18 Q18 How does the emic view of anthropology contribute to its potential as a science to influence policy? Q19 Q19 Q19 Which of the following features is not associated particularly with anthropology? Q20 Q20 Q20 A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist interprets research findings so that policy makers,planners and administrators can make more culturally sensitive decisions is that of:.
Q21 Q21 Q21 A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist conducts a fairly specialized type of research designed to determine whether a proposed program or project is needed is that of:. Q22 Q22 Q22 Understanding of the multiple variables involved in human problems is fostered primarily by which special feature of anthropology? Q23 Q23 Q23 Cultural relativism tends to foster:. Q24 Q24 Q24 A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist presents culturally relevant research findings as part of a judicial proceeding is called a n :.
Q28 Q28 Q28 In her role as an applied anthropologist confronting the Nestle Corporation marketing baby formula in third world countries,Van Esterik engaged in all of the following except:. Q29 Q29 Q29 In one of the cross-cultural miscues in your textbook,the American exchange student to Argentina should not have given her host family a set of steak knives because:. Q31 Q31 Q31 Barker's applied anthropological research on the Marshall Islands is significant for all of the following reasons except:.
Which of the following countries did not sign this document as supporter? Q33 Q33 Q33 Applied anthropologist Li Jian found various kinds of barriers for rural Chinese to convert to household-based biogas production. Which of the following is not one of the types of barriers? Q35 Q35 Q35 Which of the following best identifies biocides? Q36 Q36 Q36 All of the following were detrimentally affected by the use of biocides on three Caribbean islands except:. Q37 Q37 Q37 The original plans for expanding the airport on the island of Truk:.
Q38 Q38 Q38 Parker and King,serving as cultural mediators between the government and the local Trukese villagers:. Q39 Q39 Q39 The Japanese word aizuchi refers to:. Q40 Q40 Q40 Anthropological research provides an important source for understanding culture change and adaptation. Today in the United States:. Q41 Q41 Q41 How would you best describe the major consequence of Cathy Small's research with students in her own university? Q42 Q42 Q42 Which of the following statements about applied anthropological projects is true?
Q43 Q43 Q43 How can we best use anthropological knowledge about culture? Q45 Q45 Q45 What terminal academic degree is usually needed in order to work as a professional anthropologist? Q46 Q46 Q46 Problems emerge when central governments institute programs of planned change because:.
Q48 Q48 Q48 Policy researcher,needs assessor,and advocate are all:. Q49 Q49 Q49 The ethnographic study of adolescent drug dealers is best considered a part of which specialty of cultural anthropology? Q50 Q50 Q50 The study of the socioeconomic barriers to biogas in China is within which specialized approach in cultural anthropology?
Q51 Q51 Q51 Through participant observation,anthropologists are best able to understand the daily lives of the people they study. Q52 Q52 Q52 Only pure anthropology is based on problem-oriented research. Q53 Q53 Q53 Unlike cultural anthropologists,archaeologists and physical anthropologists do not do applied research.
Q54 Q54 Q54 Since the s applied anthropology has been in decline. Q55 Q55 Q55 The line between pure and applied anthropology is not clear because both groups receive similar training and use similar methods. Q57 Q57 Q57 Studies of social issues are considered less applied than policy studies,according to the continuum suggested by Alexander Ervin.
Q59 Q59 Q59 Training in cultural relativism is a vital part of each subfield in the discipline of anthropology. Q60 Q60 Q60 A cultural broker serves as an active supporter of a particular group of people. Q61 Q61 Q61 The anthropologist as trainer adopts what is essentially a teaching role on a project. Q62 Q62 Q62 Applied anthropologists work on many varied types of projects,but they should not engage in any kind of work with populations conducting illegal activities.
Q63 Q63 Q63 Penny Van Esterik found that the nuclear testing on the Marshall Islands had caused significant health damage to the local population.
Q64 Q64 Q64 In China,biogas is a clean-energy alternative. Q65 Q65 Q65 The U. Q66 Q66 Q66 There are more anthropologists working today to influence public policy decisions that there were 50 years ago. Q68 Q68 Q68 Before applying anthropological knowledge to the solution of social problems,anthropologists must be certain that the data is both accurate and complete.
Q69 Q69 Q69 Anthropologists usually only need a Master's degree in order to work as a professional in their field. Q70 Q70 Q70 Anthropologists can work in a variety of careers.
Q71 Q71 Q71 What is participant observation? Q72 Q72 Q72 Why is applied anthropology associated with problem-oriented research? Q73 Q73 Q73 Identify three organizations that support applied anthropological research. Q74 Q74 Q74 Compare applied and pure anthropology. List at least three characteristics that they share. Q75 Q75 Q75 Name the five types of cultural anthropology proposed by Alexander Ervin as a continuum from pure to applied anthropology.
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