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Each of the cells was found to be the fastest among its cell type. Each cell type was recorded in a separate well and movies were combined to show one lane per cell type. The time difference between the two images is about an hour. Taking the analogy of the Olympic race to a new level, a world cell race was recently performed that competed crawling cell lines from labs around the world on a race course made of micro-fabricated lanes.
Figure 1 shows an overlay of the fastest cells in the competition. The winner was a human embryonic mesenchymal stem cell showing the fastest migration speed recorded at 5. Comparison to Table 1 shows that this event, limited to crawling cell lines, is actually at a much slower pace than a possible microbial swimming event. What is the limit on the crawling speed of cells? Why should crawling be slower than swimming? The molecular basis is quite different as crawling is dependent on actin polymerization, whereas the swimming bacterium exploits flagellar rotation, for example.
Actin polymerization based motility is key for the development of protrusions in polarized eukaryotic cells as well as for bacteria such as Listeria that move around inside cells by hijacking the host cell cytoskeleton. What can be said about the sources for the diversity in speeds? Some of the fastest bacteria are at high temperatures where rates of nearly everything tend to be higher or in organisms that have to depend on their speediness to make a living such as in the case of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus that has to be faster than the bacteria it preys on.
Paramecia cells are characteristically elongated. Historically, based on cell shape, these organisms were divided into two groups: aurelia and bursaria, according to the " The Biology of Paramecium, 2nd Ed. The aurelia morphological type is oblong, or "cigar" shaped, with a somewhat tapered posterior end.
Bursaria, on the other hand, represents cells that are "slipper" shaped. They tend to be shorter, and their posterior end is rounded. Paramecia are a part of a group of organisms known as ciliates.
As the name suggests, their bodies are covered in cilia, or short hairy protrusions. Cilia are essential for movement of paramecia. As these structures whip back and forth in an aquatic environment, they propel the organism through its surroundings.
Sometimes the organism will perform "avoidance reactions" by reversing the direction in which the cilia beat. This results in stopping, spinning or turning, after which point the paramecium resumes swimming forward.
If multiple avoidance reactions follow one another, it is possible for a paramecium to swim backward, though not as smoothly as swimming forward. Cilia also aid in feeding by pushing food into a rudimentary mouth opening known as the oral groove. Paramecia feed primarily on bacteria, but are known to eat yeast, unicellular algae and even some non-living substances such as milk powder, starch and powdered charcoal, according to "Biology of Paramecium.
Paramecia are eukaryotes. In contrast to prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes have well-organized cells. The defining features of eukaryotic cells are the presence of specialized membrane-bound cellular machinery called organelles and the nucleus, which is a compartment that holds DNA.
Paramecia have many organelles characteristic of all eukaryotes, such as the energy-generating mitochondria.
However, the organism also contains some unique organelles. Under an external covering called the pellicle is a layer of somewhat firm cytoplasm called the ectoplasm. This region consists of spindle-shaped organelles known as trichocysts.
When they discharge their contents, they become long, thin and spiky, according to "Biology of Paramecium. This has been tested over the years and has held true for certain Paramecium species against particular predators. For example, a article published in the journal Zoological Science found that trichocysts of Paramecium tetraurelia were effective against two of the three predators that were tested: the Cephalodella species of rotifers and the Eucypris species of arthropods.
Below the ectoplasm lies a more fluid type of cytoplasm: the endoplasm. This region contains the majority of cell components and organelles, including vacuoles.
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