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The J. Voigt, A. Transsynaptic tracing from taste receptor cells reveals local taste receptor gene expression in gustatory Ganglia and Brain. Genetic Labeling of Tas1r1 and Tas2r taste receptor cells in mice. Chem Senses 37, — Forming the lengthwise partition between the lower large tube and the small tube is the basilar membrane, shown in Figure 3. On this membrane sit the stars of the show in the auditory system, the auditory receptor cells, or hair cells.
When the basilar membrane moves, it stimulates the hair cells, which then send signals about sounds to the brain. We can summarize the workings of the ear as follows: The pinna captures sound waves and channels them through the ear canal to the eardrum. Vibrations of the eardrum pass along the three bones of the middle ear, with the base of the stapes then rocking the oval window in and out.
The membranous oval window acts something like a piston in a hydraulic system: it pushes and pulls on the enclosed fluid of the cochlea. The fluid vibrations move the basilar membrane, and this motion activates auditory receptor cells hair cells sitting on the membrane, which send signals to the brain.
Figure 3. Cross section of the uncoiled cochlea, showing the three tubes and the hearing organ, the organ of Corti. Hair cells sit on the basilar membrane and are innervated by fibers from the auditory nerve, one of the cranial nerves. Figure 5. Auditory pathways in the brain.
Signals from neurons that get information directly from hair cells travel in the auditory nerve to the brainstem. Here the signals activate more neurons, which send the auditory messages on to the thalamus, then to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. Remy Pujol, University of Montpellier, France In the cochlear nucleus, the first brain relay station for sound, signals encoding sounds are not just passed on, but rather are "dissected" and sorted first.
This means that different features of a sound, such as frequency, intensity, or onset and offset beginning and ending of a sound are carried to higher brain centers separately. This sorting out of the features of stimuli and sending messages forward in parallel nerve pathways is a common and important attribute of brain sensory systems.
One of the big tasks of researchers is to find out how areas in the cerebral cortex use input from these parallel pathways to interpret the original sensations - in this case, the original sounds.
Figure 6. Schematic of how sound is processed in the superior olivary nucleus SON. A sound arriving earlier at the left ear elicits signals more quickly in the SON than those from the right ear. About Search. Enable Autosuggest. You have successfully created a MyAccess Profile for alertsuccessName.
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Autosuggest Results. Explain how pitch, loudness, and timbre are coded in the auditory pathways. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual. During touch, mechanoreceptors in the skin and other tissues respond to variations in pressure. Adequate stimulus can be used to classify sensory receptors. Somatic sensory receptors near the surface of the skin can usually be divided into two groups based on morphology:.
A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus, while a phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus.
Learning Objectives Differentiate among the types of stimuli to which receptors respond. Key Points Chemoreceptors detect the presence of chemicals. Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature. Mechanoreceptors detect mechanical forces.
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